BIOSCAN: tracking biodiversity on Earth

by iBOL Media | Jan 23, 2020 | Illuminations

BIOSCAN: tracking biodiversity on Earth

January 20, 2019 By the International Barcode of Life Consoritum – ibol.org

BIOSCAN is iBOL’s new seven-year, $180 million global research program that aims to revolutionize our understanding of biodiversity and our capacity to manage it. Involving scientists, research organizations, and citizens, BIOSCAN will explore three major research themes: Species Discovery, Species Interactions, Species Dynamics.

iBOL (International Barcode of Life Consortium) involves researchers in 30+ nations who share a mission to transform biodiversity science through DNA-based approaches with DNA barcoding at its core. iBOL works in partnership with academic, government, and private sector organizations.

For more information on BIOSCAN and iBOL visit: ibol.org

Additional video footage provided by:

Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Canada
Hakai Institute, Canada

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BIOSCAN: ILLUMINATING BIODIVERSITY AND SUPPORTING SUSTAINABILITY

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by Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs | Oct 2, 2019

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BIOSCAN: Illuminating biodiversity and supporting sustainability

by Donald Hobern | Oct 2, 2019 | Features

BIOSCAN: Illuminating biodiversity and supporting sustainability

BIOSCAN: Illuminating biodiversity and supporting sustainability

Written by

Donald Hobern

Executive Secretary, International Barcode of Life Consortium

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https://doi.org/10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5527

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The International Barcode of Life Consortium (iBOL) launched its new research program BIOSCAN in June 2019, to scale up its efforts to inventory life on Earth at a time when an ecological crisis is threatening the planet.

Recent reports from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have highlighted the scale of the pressures that threaten the environment and that are triggering a massive extinction event. Public awareness of these issues is growing and there are increasing demands for policymakers to work to support the environment and to focus on sustainable solutions.

Large-scale datasets are key to empowering societies and politicians to make these changes. Such data are available for some global systems, such as climate and land cover, and national scale datasets are often available for agriculture, human population, and land use. However, at present, biodiversity is not represented at the level of detail or at the scale and frequency required to support decision-making.

iBOL has been acquiring growing volumes of data on species and their distributions since 2010 with their first research program BARCODE 500K. By 2015, the program had delivered DNA barcodes representing 500,000 species via its online database called the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). These standardized reference sequences have offered researchers everywhere a transformational tool for rapid species identification as well as range of applications across taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, biosecurity, and conservation. The benefits to researchers, policymakers, and the wider public are likely to be even greater through widespread adoption of metabarcoding as a survey tool. Metabarcoding uses DNA barcodes for cheap and efficient assessment of which species are found in a bulk sample or have left residual traces of their DNA in water, soil, and other substrates (“environmental DNA” or eDNA).

Species identification has always been a central challenge for biological research, a task that has relied on the skill-base of the international taxonomic community and the deep and complex foundation of a quarter millennium of work naming and describing species. The importance and difficulty of being able to assign a name to any arbitrary organism of interest and the shortage of trained taxonomists and curators to do this work has become known as the taxonomic impediment and is recognized as an international problem. DNA barcoding has already revolutionized approaches and expectations around detection and diagnosis of species of interest. These changes have been most significant in contexts where morphological taxonomy has been most difficult, such as separation of cryptic species, identification of fragments or products derived from organisms, and recognition of species from poorly-characterized life stages.

BIOSCAN is accelerating support for reviewing and describing the millions of species still lacking scientific names. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) system offered by BOLD simplifies analysis and presentation of well-defined sets of specimens as diagnosable units of biodiversity. Each BIN represents a cluster of individuals that show minimal variation in the standard barcode markers and, in many cases, these clusters will correspond to different species that live and reproduce separately in the environment.

The BARCODE 500K research program established the sequencing facilities, analytical protocols, informatics platforms, and international collaboration needed to build the DNA barcode reference library. Building on this success, BIOSCAN launched in June 2019 to scan life and codify species interactions while expanding the reference library and demonstrating its utility. BIOSCAN will be the foundation for the Planetary Biodiversity Mission, a mission to save our living planet.

Since organisms can be assigned to a BIN even when no scientific name is available and even when the exact taxonomic significance of the BIN is unclear, the expanded collecting and sequencing effort planned for BIOSCAN can both assist taxonomists to work more rapidly and efficiently and can offer an interim framework for categorizing and mapping taxonomic units pending full taxonomic review. The significance of such a framework cannot be underestimated. Without a proper and timely catalogue of the units of biodiversity, we cannot fully study or understand the species with which we share the planet and with which our own future is intertwined.

As a result of delivering an efficient tool for identifying and classifying any organism, we gain the ability to explore and track the patterns of communities and ecosystems through time and space. This is especially important for understanding hyperdiverse groups and megadiverse regions. Detailed community analysis is unachievable, or at least unscalable when it depends on sorting and identifying thousands of cryptic organisms, which is the situation for most insects, fungi or marine organisms. As sequencing technologies and bioinformatics capabilities continue to advance, these same difficult groups can be routinely and regularly sampled and described. This offers whole new windows into the structure, ecology, and dynamics of each ecosystem, opening up unprecedented opportunities to understand and respond to biological systems. Perhaps most importantly of all, high-bandwidth DNA-based monitoring of biodiversity can support intelligent approaches to landscape-level conservation, agriculture and pest management, and response to climate change.

BIOSCAN will lay the foundation for an earth observation system. It will examine biological communities from at least half the world’s ecoregions to begin the task of compiling comprehensive biodiversity baselines.

BIOSCAN comes at a time when technological advances are combining with the rich data held in BOLD to increase the cost-effectiveness of barcoding and metabarcoding. The iBOL community internationally, and particularly the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG) at Guelph, are at the forefront in exploiting next-generation sequencing. iBOL’s approach is to use the power and scale of these platforms to focus on a narrow subset of each species’ genome as the tool that cheaply permits the broadest possible detection and identification of any species.

Going even further, the sensitivity of these platforms is unlocking the often-hidden relationships between species, allowing us to document these interactions and clarify their role in structuring biological communities. Every organism interacts with representatives of other species as hosts or food and itself supports or contains a universe of parasites and microbes. These relationships have complex effects on the role that each species plays in each ecosystem. In the past, these associated species have often been detected as a source of potential confusion while deriving reference barcodes from specimens. Increased sensitivity from sequencing platforms will allow BIOSCAN to start treating these intermingled sequences not as noise but as a tool to document the set of species associated with a specimen, the organism’s symbiome.

BIOSCAN will use taxonomically targeted primer sets on the DNA extract from single specimens to reveal their commensals, mutualists, parasites and parasitoids – the symbiome.

Going even further, the sensitivity of these platforms is unlocking the often hidden relationships between species, allowing us to document these interactions and clarify their role in structuring biological communities. Every organism interacts with representatives of other species as hosts or food and itself supports or contains a universe of parasites and microbes. These relationships have complex effects on the role that each species plays in each ecosystem. In the past, these associated species have often been detected as a source of potential confusion while deriving reference barcodes from specimens. Increased sensitivity from sequencing platforms will allow BIOSCAN to start treating these intermingled sequences not as noise but as a tool to document the set of species associated with a specimen, the organism’s symbiome.

iBOL’s new program will use these advances to build on the foundations of BARCODE 500K and deliver the reference data, tools, and processes that will allow the world to survey and monitor all life. BIOSCAN’s three main research themes aim to (1) increase the coverage of the barcode reference library to at least two million species, (2) exploit the power of new sequencing platforms to survey species communities at thousands of sites across different ecoregions and (3) to probe the biotic associations of millions of individual organisms. The CBG team has invested not only in upgrading sequencing hardware to support the scale and complexity of BIOSCAN but also in the informatics capability required to support it, now available as the Multiplex Barcode Research and Visualization Environment (mBRAVE). iBOL will also use this program to address outstanding issues around marker genes and sequencing protocols for challenging taxonomic groups and to standardize approaches to sampling taxa in different environments and ecosystems.

The efficiency of barcoding as a tool for identifying species or for validating other identifications also positions BIOSCAN as an essential activity in support of other genomics activities. The Earth Biogenome Project (EBP) and a suite of taxon-specific genomics networks aim to sequence full genomes or significant portions of the genome for many or all the world’s species. A significant challenge for these major projects will be to locate high-quality genetic material to represent each of these species. By building the reference library of DNA barcodes, each accompanied by vouchered specimens and extracted DNA, BIOSCAN’s collecting activities can also enable these projects to proceed rapidly and with high confidence. The deliverables of BIOSCAN are fully complementary to those of EBP and similar efforts. BIOSCAN will deliver the reliable look-up mechanisms that verify the identifications associated with more extensive sequencing and will also deliver the biogeographic information to understand the distribution and variation for each species, along with their interactions. Complete-genome efforts will complement this with extensive additional data from examples of each species, enabling us to explore how species function and how evolution has shaped them.

By deep sequencing tens of millions of DNA extracts from single specimens and metabarcoding more than 100 million specimens from 2,000 sites spanning half the world’s ecoregions, BIOSCAN will expose countless undescribed species and reveal their distributions, dynamics and hidden interactions. Although BIOSCAN will not register all species or fully reveal their dynamics and interactions, it will be the foundation for a 20-year mission that will achieve these goals. Along the way, the aim is to develop the network to include practitioners and projects in all regions.

Participation is sought from researchers in all countries to expand iBOL’s coalition and explore multi-cellular diversity throughout the world’s ecosystems. iBOL welcomes comments and online discussion on the draft Strategic Plan for BIOSCAN.

We share our planet with more diversity than we yet recognise. This diversity drives the systems that keep the planet habitable for our species and those on which we depend. Now is the time to understand and monitor biodiversity everywhere. BIOSCAN is a key opportunity to make this happen.

Please check out the following resources and contribute to delivering BIOSCAN.

Online Discussion Forum

Draft Strategic Plan

Written by

Donald Hobern

Executive Secretary, International Barcode of Life Consortium

View PDF

https://doi.org/10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5527

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How a tropical country can DNA barcode itself →

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INSECTS DON’T TALK, BUT NEW DNA-BASED TECHNOLOGIES ARE HELPING TO TELL THEIR STORIES

by Christina Lynggaard, Martin Nielsen, Luisa Santos-Bay, Markus Gastauer, Guilherme Oliveira and Kristine Bohmann | Oct 16, 2019

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by Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs | Oct 2, 2019

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by Michelle D’Souza and Danny Govender | Jun 12, 2019

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Discovering a resilient and hyperdiverse midge fly fauna in a Singaporean swamp forest

by Bilgenur Baloğlu | Sep 6, 2019 | Research

Discovering a resilient and hyperdiverse midge fly fauna in a Singaporean swamp forest

Nee Soon Swamp Forest, Singapore

PHOTO CREDIT: Wang Luan Keng

Benthic macroinvertebrates – those animals that live at the bottoms of water bodies – are abundant, diverse, relatively immobile, and responsive to environmental stresses, and these traits make them ideal indicators of the quality of aquatic ecosystems. Our study demonstrates the utility of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms as an efficient and rapid tool for monitoring efforts.

In freshwater ecosystems, non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) often constitute the majority of diversity and biomass with different chironomid species varying in their sensitivity to environmental changes. But, when monitoring these habitats, chironomids are either ignored entirely or not studied at a species-level because morphological assessments are expensive and laborious, and the identification literature is based on adults while larvae are most often collected.

Chironomid adults collected from Nee Soon Swamp Forest. Different chironomid species vary in their sensitivity to environmental parameters. PHOTO CREDIT: Bilgenur Baloglu

The solution? NGS platforms. They allow for fast and effective species-level assessments of large-scale samples at low cost (less than $0.40 USD/specimen). Moreover, there is a high congruence between molecular and morphological identification, enabling a detailed examination of the composition of taxonomically complex communities^1,2. Freshwater swamp forests – the forested wetlands occurring along rivers and lakes – are home to various endemic and endangered species with 33% of birds and 45% of mammals either threatened or endangered on the IUCN Red List³, and with most of the insect fauna unknown. These ecosystems are under threat worldwide from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate crisis. Most of the world’s tropical swamp forests are found in Southeast Asia’s Indo-Malayan region collectively occupying more than 13 million ha⁴ among many geographically separated peninsulas and islands. Nee Soon swamp forest is the largest remnant (90 ha) of its kind in Singapore and thus of high national conservation value.

Bilge Baloglu sampling water DNA from Singapore’s largest swamp forest remnant.
PHOTO CREDIT: Dickson Ng

We generated DNA barcodes using NGS to study chironomids among the natural swamp forest Nee Soon and three adjacent man-made reservoirs. We wanted to understand the effects of urbanization and to know whether the chironomid fauna of Nee Soon is resistant to, that is, minimally impacted by, the adjacent reservoirs. We sampled >14,000 chironomid specimens (both adults and larvae) as part of a freshwater quality monitoring program, and quantified species richness and compositional changes using NGS and DNA barcoding.

Our study showed that Singapore’s biggest swamp forest remnant maintains a rich and largely unique fauna of about 350 species. The minimal species overlap between sites indicated that the Nee Soon swamp forest is resistant against the invasion of species from surrounding artificial reservoirs.

These findings suggest that even small or fragmented swamp forests can be suitable habitats for chironomids, shedding light on many other swamp forests in Southeast Asia that collectively occupy a much larger area and that are threatened by destruction for oil palm plantations and paper pulp production. Overall, our study exposes the enormous power of NGS and DNA barcoding in ecological research to study ecosystem health, biological diversity, and habitat conservation.

References:

1. Brodin Y, Ejdung G, Strandberg J, Lyrholm T (2013) Improving environmental and biodiversity monitoring in the Baltic Sea using DNA barcoding of Chironomidae (Diptera). Molecular Ecology Resources 13:996–1004.

2. Montagna M, Mereghetti V, Lencioni V, Rossaro B (2016) Integrated taxonomy and DNA barcoding of alpine midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). PLoS One 11:e0149673

3. Posa MR (2011) Peat swamp forest avifauna of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: Effects of habitat loss and degradation. Biological Conservation 144(10):2548-2556.

4. Hooijer A, Page S, Canadell JG, Silvius M, Kwadijk J, Wösten H, Jauhiainen J (2010) Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. Biogeosciences 7:1505–1514

For full details, please refer to the publication in Frontiers in Zoology.

Written by

Bilgenur Baloğlu

Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada

Download PDF

doi: 10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5525

The Diversification and Evolution of Marine Invertebrates in Oceanic Islands

by Pedro Vieira and Filipe Costa | Apr 7, 2019 | Research

The Diversification and Evolution of Marine Invertebrates in Oceanic Islands

Macaronesian rocky shores. PHOTO CREDIT: Pedro Vieira, Mafalda Tavares, Henrique Queiroga

Oceanic islands constitute prime evolutionary grounds for terrestrial organisms, promoting extensive isolation and harboring exceptional levels of diversity and endemism. Marine organisms, on the contrary, are not expected to experience evolutionary forces with the same intensity and, therefore, their diversification and evolution in oceanic landscapes has been somewhat disregarded.

Shore-dwelling marine benthic invertebrates are unique relative to both terrestrial organisms and other marine taxa. Most shore species have planktonic larvae that facilitate dispersal over open water. However, some small invertebrates, such as free-living peracarids (Peracarida: Crustacea), are more prone to isolation due to life histories characterized by direct development and putatively reduced vagility.

As a result of a DNA barcode-based screening of the diversity of littoral peracarids along Macaronesia and nearby continental shores, we have found an exceptional amount of cryptic diversity, together with a very structured geographic assortment within multiple morphospecies. We investigated, with particular detail, two common and distinct peracarid taxa present in the Macaronesian archipelagos of Azores, Madeira, and Canaries, namely 3 morphospecies of the isopod genus Dynamene¹ and 7 morphospecies of the amphipod family Hyalidae². We unraveled an additional 34 suspected new species (75% endemic of Macaronesia) with no apparent discriminative morphological features, including the noteworthy cases of the isopod Dynamene edwardsi and the amphipod Apohyale stebbingi comprising 9 and 13 putative species, respectively. Adding to this surprising cryptic diversity, lineages within each morphospecies were also frequently exclusive to one island (50%), despite the general geographic proximity of the islands within each archipelago (e.g., from as little as 50 km between Porto Santo and Madeira). Globally, the genetic divergences among lineages within a morphospecies were also comparatively high (e.g., D. edwardsi up to 22% and A. stebbingi up to 21%), indicating a very deep evolutionary history in the region which pre-dates the Pleistocene glacial cycles (D. edwardsi lineages probably started diverging between 20 and 30 MYA).

Representative study species; not to scale.
PHOTO CREDIT: Pedro Vieira

There were several noteworthy findings in these studies. First, the unexpectedly high amount of diversity and endemism in these Macaronesian marine invertebrates, even within the same archipelago. Although peracarids can be assumed to have comparatively low vagility, since they lack a planktonic larval stage, there is extensive evidence for their dispersal capability and population connectivity. Namely, both our and other authors’ studies report peracarid morphospecies displaying little genetic structure over wide geographic ranges, for example, along the European continental Atlantic coasts.

Second, we were surprised to find marked geographic segregation among the newly found species. They were frequently restricted to a single island where they constituted the only representative of the cryptic complex. To a certain extent, the geographical segregation of these peracarids more closely resemble what would be expected for terrestrial organisms than marine invertebrates.

A. Sampling locations for each Dynamene species. B. Reduced median network of COI data from the genus Dynamene. Size of the circles are proportional to the number of similar haplotypes. Number of mutations separating each haplotype and inferred ancestors (median vectors) are displayed in black. Links displaying a single mutation do not display the number.

PHOTO CREDIT: Pedro Vieira

Finally, the combined evidence on diversity, geographic segregation, and divergence times, unraveled long-established divergence patterns and a remarkable geographic segregation that endured over millions of years till present. Therefore, the current distribution patterns of many of these peracarids cannot be elucidated through common accounts of marine invertebrates in the north-eastern Atlantic, namely processes involving dispersal, geographic proximity or Pleistocene glacial cycles. We propose alternative mechanisms for the speciation of these invertebrates in Macaronesia, such as those involving priority effects and pre-emptive exclusion, which have been seldom evoked to explain the deep segregation in the open ocean.

In the near future, we intend to investigate the genetic variability of taxa with planktonic larvae from these oceanic islands to verify if the long-term segregation patterns are exclusive of peracarid crustaceans or, instead, are more widespread patterns in marine invertebrates in Macaronesia.

References

Vieira PE, Desiderato A, Holdich DM, Soares P, Creer S, Carvalho GR, Costa FO, Queiroga H (2019) Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates. Molecular Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15052
Desiderato A, Costa FO, Serejo CS, Abbiati M, Queiroga H, Vieira PE (2019) Macaronesian islands as promoters of diversification in amphipods: The remarkable case of the family Hyalidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Zoologica Scripta. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12339

Written by

Pedro Vieira

University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Filipe Costa

University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Download PDF

doi: 10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5477

← Discovering Fiji's native bees: hidden secrets in a biodiversity hotspot DNA Barcoding Wild Flora in Pakistan's Forests →

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Discovering Fiji’s native bees: hidden secrets in a biodiversity hotspot

by Cale Matthews, James Dorey, Scott Groom, Olivia Davies, Elisha Freedman, Justin Holder, Ben Parslow, Michael Schwarz and Mark Stevens | Apr 7, 2019 | Research

Discovering Fiji’s native bees: hidden secrets in a biodiversity hotspot

Homalictus hadrander, one of the four described species previously known from Fiji.
PHOTO CREDIT: James Dorey

Fiji’s entomological diversity has historically been considered depauperate. Recent widespread DNA barcoding efforts, however, from the South Australian Museum, Flinders University, and University of South Australia, along with a flurry of undergraduate, honours, and PhD students, have helped to uncover some of the hidden secrets of biodiversity within this topographically complex archipelago. Since 2010, funding from the Australian & Pacific Science Foundation and Australian Commonwealth New Colombo Plan, along with support from students, has enabled fieldwork focused on collecting bees, wasps, and butterflies across all the major Fijian islands. Trekking up the tallest mountains, four-wheel driving across challenging terrain, and following the meandering rivers of inland Fiji has revealed that initial estimations of Fiji’s entomological fauna have been severely underestimated. DNA barcoding over 1,000 bee specimens has increased species richness estimates from 4 species (known since 1979) up to 26 endemic species in the genus Homalictus. Interestingly, 60% of these new species are only found above 800 m elevation which comprise a mere 2% of land area of Fiji, and they are often restricted to single mountain tops (Figure 1). From extensive DNA barcoding, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was used to explore the level of intraspecific gene flow in the widespread species of the genus (Figure 2).

Figure 1: (a) The number of species (species richness) plotted against land area available at each elevational gradient. (b) Map of Fiji showing the land area available. Colours correspond to those used in (a).

CREATED BY: Cale Matthews

These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread Homalictus species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian Homalictus colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climates would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji.

Figure 2: (a) Haplotype network of all sequenced Homalictus fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.

CREATED BY: Cale Matthews

Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji’s butterfly fauna, along with the first-ever species of Gasteruption, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, Gasteruption tomanivi (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji’s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji’s hidden secrets of biodiversity.

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