Discovering Fiji’s native bees: hidden secrets in a biodiversity hotspot
Researchers provide new insights into biodiversity using DNA barcoding in Fiji's topographically complex archipelago.
Homalictus hadrander, one of the four described species previously known from Fiji.
PHOTO CREDIT: James Dorey

Figure 1: (a) The number of species (species richness) plotted against land area available at each elevational gradient. (b) Map of Fiji showing the land area available. Colours correspond to those used in (a).
CREATED BY: Cale Matthews
These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread Homalictus species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian Homalictus colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climates would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji.

Figure 2: (a) Haplotype network of all sequenced Homalictus fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.
CREATED BY: Cale Matthews
Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji’s butterfly fauna, along with the first-ever species of Gasteruption, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, Gasteruption tomanivi (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji’s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji’s hidden secrets of biodiversity.
Written by

Cale Matthews
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

James Dorey
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Scott Groom
School of Agriculture, University of Adelaide, Australia
Olivia Davies
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Elisha Freedman
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Justin Holder
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Ben Parslow
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Michael Schwarz
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Mark Stevens
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
https://doi.org/10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5482
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