{"id":3757,"date":"2020-02-27T09:00:49","date_gmt":"2020-02-27T14:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/?p=3757"},"modified":"2020-07-13T15:08:16","modified_gmt":"2020-07-13T19:08:16","slug":"discovering-ten-new-species-of-paramyia-williston-diptera-milichiidae-in-north-america-using-dna-barcoding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/research\/discovering-ten-new-species-of-paramyia-williston-diptera-milichiidae-in-north-america-using-dna-barcoding\/","title":{"rendered":"Discovering ten new species of Paramyia <\/em>Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae) in North America using DNA barcoding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ background_blend=”multiply” custom_padding=”0px|0px|3px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@” subhead=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IiIsInJlYWRfbW9yZV9sYWJlbCI6IiJ9fQ==@” _builder_version=”4.3.2″ _dynamic_attributes=”title,subhead” title_font=”|||||on|||” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”||||||||” content_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” subhead_font=”||on||||||” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”16px” subhead_line_height=”1.5em” background_color=”rgba(168,211,103,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#0a1404″ background_color_gradient_end=”#003254″ background_color_gradient_end_position=”70%” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Figure1-1.jpg” _builder_version=”4.3.2″ max_width=”95%” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-20px||20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″ custom_padding=”0|0px|7px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″]

Flowering plant visited by Paramyia<\/em> sp.
PHOTO CREDIT: Steve A. Marshall<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ specialty=”on” _builder_version=”3.27.4″][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ specialty_columns=”2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”3.27.4″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ text_font=”||||||||” custom_padding=”||0px|||”]

T<\/span>he process of discovering and describing new species \u2013 the job of taxonomists \u2013 is time-consuming. To tackle the challenge, one must become an expert on a specific group in order to notice those rarities among the masses. This is without counting the added challenges of cryptic groups where the external morphology is of limited help as individuals often appear to belong to the same species despite being genetically distinct. In many cases, the taxonomist has to dissect hundreds of specimens to detect slight differences in their genitalia which are usually unique for each species. DNA barcoding can greatly assist any taxonomist by speeding up this laborious identification process, particularly with small flies like Paramyia<\/em> Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae).<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Figure0.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” _builder_version=”4.3.2″ custom_margin=”37px|||||”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_font_size=”16px” custom_padding=”||3px|||”]

Flowering plant visited by Paramyia<\/em> sp.<\/span><\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Steve A. Marshall<\/span><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ custom_padding=”||5px|||”]

Paramyia<\/em>, a kleptoparasitic genus well represented worldwide, provides a perfect example of joining DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy. Paramyia<\/em> is a small genus, with under 30 described species, of tiny blackish flies, usually under 2mm long, with very similar external morphology. In the Nearctic, it was only represented by one species, P. nitens<\/em> Loew. With that knowledge in mind, no particular attention was given to specimens collected in that geographic range. That is until multiple Barcode Index Numbers (BIN) were found on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) under the same species name. This strongly indicated that multiple undescribed species may have been placed under one species – P. nitens<\/em>. A closer look at their genitalia revealed this to be true, and so a revision of the genus was then needed.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Figure2.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” _builder_version=”4.3.4″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_font_size=”16px” custom_padding=”||3px|||”]

Paramyia<\/em> sp. displaying kleptoparasitism, that is, feeding on the captured prey (stink bug) of another predator (spider)<\/span><\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Steve A. Marshall<\/span><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ custom_padding=”||2px|||”]

As with any revision, I first acquired multiple loans from large museum collections to compare and study the many diverse and variable specimens from a specific geographic range, in this case, North America. Then, I studied the morphology of these specimens in-depth to detect variation between those grouped together based on their similarities (i.e, morphs) and dissected the genitalia to confirm if they were indeed new species. With a genus like Paramyia<\/em>, most helpful characters to differentiate between the species are genitalic, which means that good dissection skills are essential. The skill needed to dissect the genitalia of such small flies is comparable to performing surgery on a baby\u2019s tooth. Important to note, there are no morphology characters to split the females of most species apart.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ custom_padding=”||2px|||”]

This is where DNA barcoding comes in handy. I sequenced specimens from my different morphs, and then dissect males grouped in the same BIN to verify the correspondence between the BIN and the species concept. When the molecular and the morphological analysis align perfectly, females can get correctly associates with their male counterpart, which would have otherwise been impossible. Hence, the species description can be more complete and the sequences are available to be used by other researchers to correctly identified that group, e.g. in monitoring programs. I applied this process in the Nearctic revision of Paramyia<\/em> and described 10 new species! Future revisions tackling the remaining geographic regions can build from this work.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Figure3.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” _builder_version=”4.3.2″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_font_size=”16px” custom_padding=”||3px|||”]

Comparative morphology between the new species P. pseudonitens<\/em> and P. brevikeraia<\/em> with a body profile, frontal head and genitalia photos (top to bottom)<\/span><\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Valerie Levesque-Beaudin<\/span><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.2″ custom_padding=”||2px|||”]

The taxonomic impediment coupled with the current rate of species extinction is making the job of the taxonomist increasingly more difficult and yet, there\u2019s an urgent need to record species before they disappear. As this study demonstrates, by quickly sorting specimens based on morphology and sequencing representative of each group, the number of undescribed species can be assessed and the amount of dissection needed to make such a discovery can be managed. The focus can then be on the morphology and genitalia of the different BINs, hence speeding up the process of species identification.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f2f2f2″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.4″ text_text_color=”#646564″ text_font_size=”17px”]

For full details, please refer to the\u00a0publication<\/a> in Zootaxa<\/em>.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_orientation=”center”]

Written by<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_team_member name=”Valerie Levesque-Beaudin” position=”Taxonomic Specialist \u2013 Diptera, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Val_Levesque-Beaudin.png” _builder_version=”4.3.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”17px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”center” width=”85%” module_alignment=”center” link_option_url_new_window=”on”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_divider divider_position=”center” _builder_version=”3.23.3″ custom_margin=”||1px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#003254″ text_orientation=”center”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Download PDF” button_alignment=”center” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”4.3.4″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#003254″ button_icon=”%%26%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_horizontal=”3px” box_shadow_vertical=”11px” button_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/2020-Levesque-Beaudin.pdf”][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_font_size=”12px” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″]

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21083\/ibol.v10i1.6081<\/span><\/pre>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ height=”0px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_3″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.29.3″ text_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_sidebar][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_1″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.21.4″][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″ background_color=”#000000″ custom_padding=”0|0px|2px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”||0px|||” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.29.3″ text_font=”|||||on|||” text_text_color=”#f9c352″ text_font_size=”14px” header_font_size=”26px”]
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Making the process of species identification more efficient by focusing morphological efforts using DNA-based tools<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":3759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"2880","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[91,296,298,101,295,294],"coauthors":[293],"class_list":["post-3757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-diptera","tag-neartic","tag-north-america","tag-species-diversity","tag-species-identification","tag-taxonomy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3757"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3799,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3757\/revisions\/3799"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3757"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}