{"id":1865,"date":"2019-05-23T16:04:06","date_gmt":"2019-05-23T20:04:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/?p=1865"},"modified":"2020-07-16T10:41:21","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T14:41:21","slug":"the-deep-connection-between-soil-microbes-and-trees-dna-metabarcoding-and-reforestation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/research\/the-deep-connection-between-soil-microbes-and-trees-dna-metabarcoding-and-reforestation\/","title":{"rendered":"The deep connection between soil microbes and trees: DNA metabarcoding and reforestation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ background_blend=”multiply” custom_padding=”0px|0px|3px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@” subhead=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IiIsInJlYWRfbW9yZV9sYWJlbCI6IiJ9fQ==@” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ _dynamic_attributes=”title,subhead” title_font=”|||||on|||” content_font=”||||||||” content_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” subhead_font=”||on||||||” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”16px” background_color=”rgba(168,211,103,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#000000″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(44,0,63,0.93)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”70%” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Laguna_del_lagarto.jpg” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ max_width=”95%” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-20px||20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″ custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″]

Aerial view of\u00a0Laguna del Lagarto Lodge and primary forest, Costa Rica<\/span>.<\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Fritz Fucik<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ specialty=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ specialty_columns=”3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” custom_padding=”||0px|||”]

T<\/span>ropical deforestation has contributed to the atmospheric rise in greenhouse gas levels, negative impacts on nutrient cycles, and declines in biodiversity. While forest restoration schemes are being implemented, the success of such efforts needs to be better evaluated. Our study<\/a><\/strong> demonstrates that soil microbial communities can guide the selection of key tree species important for local forest restoration processes and, ultimately, the global recovery of tropical forests.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/McGee_Figure1.png” content_max_width=”818px” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”4.4.7″ body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_margin=”||-6px|||” custom_padding=”||50px” border_color_all=”#929292″]

2-year old logging road amongst Costa Rican primary forest with no vegetation re-growth due to severe soil degradation and compaction.<\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Katie M. McGee<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”]

Tropical forests only comprise 7\u201310% of the Earth\u2019s land surface but contain 20% of the planet\u2019s carbon within the first three metres of soil. They also exchange more carbon dioxide (CO2<\/sub>) with the atmosphere than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Such characteristics make tropical areas critical for terrestrial primary productivity and global nutrient cycling. Yet, these important ecosystems are continually under threat from human-driven land-use practices.<\/p>\n

Deforestation activities across the tropics contribute to the increase of atmospheric CO2<\/sub> at levels comparable to fossil fuels1<\/sup>. If tropical deforestation were a country, it would be the third largest contributor of CO2<\/sub> emissions (behind China and the United States), producing more than the European Union2<\/sup>. One of the main contributing factors, often ignored, is the large release of CO2<\/sub> from the soil when forests are clear-cut; this occurs due to alterations in the respiration maintenance processes of soil microbes that result in a rapid release of the massive stock of soil carbon that has accumulated over time. Moreover, the soil in areas facing extraction-based land-use strategies have been so degraded that the capacity to recover and sustain biological productivity, and to capture and store carbon is significantly reduced.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-22-at-3.38.12-PM.png” content_max_width=”818px” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_margin=”||-6px|||” custom_padding=”||50px” border_color_all=”#929292″]

Source Graph: Seymour and Busch (2016), Source Data: Busch and Engelmann (2015)<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”||0px||false|false”]

To remediate these consequences, restoration attempts have been implemented throughout the tropics. However, the success of these efforts is largely explored by studying charismatic organisms, such as birds, or by assessing plant biomass, with substantially less focus on soil dynamics. As soil microbes are key components in biogeochemical and nutrient cycling processes, it is thought that certain tree species and their affiliated soil microorganisms may help to serve as a principal pathway to ameliorate degraded soils. Many tropical trees can convert or \u2018fix\u2019 atmospheric nitrogen (N2<\/sub>) into ammonium through specialized root microbial symbionts. This conversion is critical to the growth and development of plants and soil microbes, yet the influence that N-fixing trees can have on the soil organisms in their immediate vicinity is still unclear.<\/p>\n

The use of DNA-based identification techniques has significantly advanced research on soil microbial communities. Since the 1980s, popular methods have involved Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism\u00a0techniques and Sanger sequencing. However, all of these methods are time consuming, costly, and involve laborious processes. The more recent development of DNA metabarcoding has allowed us to rapidly and comprehensively characterize soil biotic communities.<\/p>\n

DNA metabarcoding is a method that combines traditional marker gene surveys \u2013 targeting particular organisms using standardized PCR primers for specific gene regions \u2013 with next-generation sequencing. By comparing obtained DNA sequences to a standard reference library of known organisms, taxa present in an environmental sample such as soil can be identified with high confidence. This allows us to address ecological questions linked to environmental impact and biomonitoring in a more efficient manner.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″ custom_css_main_element=”margin:auto;”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/McGee_Figure2.png” title_text=”McGee_Figure2″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb image_max_width=”63%” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”4.4.7″ body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_margin=”||-6px|||” custom_padding=”||50px” border_color_all=”#929292″]

Pentaclethra macroloba<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>and its soil microbiome shown to effectively support forest restoration in northern Costa Rica.<\/p>\n

PHOTO CREDIT: Katie M. McGee<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.7″]

Using DNA metabarcoding, our study<\/a><\/strong> investigated individual plant effects of the soil collected around two types of trees, <\/span>Pentaclethra macroloba<\/em> (Gavil\u00e1n; nitrogen-fixing) and <\/span>Dipteryx panamensis<\/em> (Almendro; non-nitrogen-fixing),\u00a0<\/span>in Costa Rica\u2019s northern region. We wanted\u00a0to examine differences in the soil bacterial and fungal community composition.<\/p>\n

We found that each plant species contained a unique soil microbial community, and that the nitrogen-fixing tree, Pentaclethra<\/em>, supported soil microbes and microbial biomass at levels similar to those measured in primary forests. This indicates their importance for the recovery of soils to a pre-disturbed state.\u00a0<\/span>In comparison to the non-N-fixer <\/span>Dipteryx<\/em>, <\/span>Pentaclethra <\/em>stimulates a soil microbial community that is more efficient in storing soil carbon into biomass, as opposed to carbon loss via aforementioned respiration maintenance processes. These effects <\/span>appeared to be associated with the amount of soil ammonium that the <\/span>Pentaclethra<\/em>-soil is able to provide to the\u00a0<\/span>surrounding soil.<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.4.7″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”0px|||||”]

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Our results indicate the importance of this N-fixing tree in building back up carbon storage as biomass in the soil as well as promoting plant and soil microbial growth. As such, we suggest the use of <\/span>Pentaclethra<\/em> and its associated soil microbiome as an important ecosystem restoration tool in facilitating early regeneration of secondary forests.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Our method of using soil microbes, characterized by DNA metabarcoding, is a novel approach that can be applied globally to guide regeneration efforts that most effectively improve the quality and fertility of degraded soils as well as inform restoration ecology and the policy surrounding it.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”15px” custom_padding=”43px|||||”]

References:<\/h4>\n

1. Seymour F and Busch J (2016) Why forests? Why now? The science, economics, and politics of tropical forests and climate change. Center for Global Development.<\/em> Washington, DC, USA. ISBN: 978-1-933286-85-3<\/p>\n

2. Busch J and Engelmann J (2015) The Future of Forests: Emissions from Deforestation With and Without Carbon Pricing Policies, 2015\u2013 2050. CGD Working Paper 411. Center for Global Development.<\/em> Washington, DC, USA.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_orientation=”center”]

Written by<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_team_member name=”Katie M. McGee” position=”Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Katie-McGee.png” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”17px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”center” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”||30px||false|false”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=”Mehrdad Hajibabaei” position=”Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Mehrdad-Hajibabaei.png” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”17px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”center” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”||30px||false|false”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_margin=”||1px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#003254″ text_orientation=”center”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/2019_McGee.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Download PDF” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.4.7″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#003254″ button_icon=”%%26%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_horizontal=”3px” box_shadow_vertical=”11px”][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.7″ text_font_size=”12px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”|||-8px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”||30px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″]

doi: 10.21083\/ibol.v9i1.5472<\/pre>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_3″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.29.3″ text_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″ background_color=”#000000″ custom_padding=”0|0px|2px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_nav in_same_term=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ title_font=”|700||on|||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff”][\/et_pb_post_nav][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Follow Along” module_id=”subscribe” _builder_version=”3.29.3″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#d8d8d8″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”52%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” parallax=”on” custom_padding=”49px||0||false|false” top_divider_height=”69px” global_module=”175″ saved_tabs=”all”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_2,1_4″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_padding=”27px|0px|114px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”28px” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_2_font_size=”28px”]
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About the Bulletin<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0Glossary<\/a><\/a> | Archive<\/a> | iBOL Consortium<\/a> | iBOL News<\/a> | Contact Us<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Forest restoration can be better facilitated by considering the diversity and biomass of soil microbiomes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":1878,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\n
C. Matthews<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Dorey<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, S. Groom<\/em>2<\/em><\/sup>, O. Davies<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, E. Freedman<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Holder<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, B. Parslow<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Schwarz<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Stevens<\/em>3,4<\/em><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 <\/sup>School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 
2 <\/sup>School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 
3 <\/sup>South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 
4 <\/sup>School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fiji\u2019s entomological diversity has historically\nbeen considered depauperate. Recent widespread DNA barcoding efforts, however,\nfrom the South Australian Museum, Flinders University and University of South\nAustralia, along with a flurry of undergraduate, honours and PhD students, have\nhelped to uncover some of the hidden secrets of biodiversity within this\ntopographically complex archipelago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since 2010, funding from the Australian\n& Pacific Science Foundation and Australian Commonwealth New Colombo Plan, along\nwith support from students, has enabled fieldwork focused on collecting bees,\nwasps, and butterflies across all the major Fijian islands. Trekking up the\ntallest mountains, four wheel driving across challenging terrain, and following\nthe meandering rivers of inland Fiji has revealed that initial estimations of\nFiji\u2019s entomological fauna have been severely underestimated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
DNA barcoding over 1,000 bee specimens has increased species richness estimates from 4 species (known since 1979) up to 26 endemic species in the genus Homalictus. <\/em>Interestingly, 60% of these new species are only found above 800 m elevation which comprise a mere 2% of land area of Fiji, and often restricted to single mountain tops. From extensive barcoding, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was used to explore the level of intraspecific gene flow in the widespread species of the genus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Haplotype<\/a>
Haplotype network of all sequenced HOMALICTUS fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread Homalictus <\/em>species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian Homalictus <\/em>colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climate would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji. Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji\u2019s butterfly fauna, along with the first ever species of Gasteruption<\/em>, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, Gasteruption tomanivi<\/em> (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji\u2019s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji\u2019s hidden secrets of biodiversity. <\/p>\n","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[182,184,178,185,40,181,173,183,180,177],"coauthors":[176,175],"class_list":["post-1865","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-carbon","tag-costa-rica","tag-deforestation","tag-management","tag-metabarcoding","tag-microbes","tag-next-generation-sequencing","tag-nitrogen","tag-soil","tag-tropical-forests"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1865","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1865"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1865\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4570,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1865\/revisions\/4570"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1878"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1865"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1865"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1865"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1865"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}