{"id":1792,"date":"2019-05-15T17:03:38","date_gmt":"2019-05-15T21:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/?p=1792"},"modified":"2020-07-16T10:43:50","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T14:43:50","slug":"resident-or-invasive-species-edna-can-provide-reliable-answers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/research\/resident-or-invasive-species-edna-can-provide-reliable-answers\/","title":{"rendered":"Resident or invasive species? Environmental DNA can provide reliable answers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ background_blend=”multiply” custom_padding=”0px|0px|3px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@” subhead=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IiIsInJlYWRfbW9yZV9sYWJlbCI6IiJ9fQ==@” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ _dynamic_attributes=”title,subhead” title_font=”|||||on|||” content_font=”||||||||” content_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” subhead_font=”||on||||||” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”16px” background_color=”rgba(168,211,103,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#000000″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,153,181,0.93)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”70%” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Bacalar1.jpg” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ max_width=”95%” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-20px||20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″ custom_padding=”0|0px|7px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″]Panoramic view of Bacalar Lake including the 40-m deep Esmeralda sinkhole.\n\nPHOTO CREDIT: Manuel El\u00edas-Guti\u00e9rrez<\/span>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ _builder_version=”3.27.4″][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”|50px|||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|0px|||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” custom_padding=”||0px|||”]

M<\/span>onitoring life within large bodies of water – those species that should and shouldn\u2019t live there – can be very expensive and time consuming. To overcome these limitations, efforts in many temperate regions employ methods that use environmental DNA (eDNA), enabling effective and targeted detection of invasive and resident endangered species.<\/p>\n

Our study<\/a><\/strong> is the first to demonstrate that eDNA-based monitoring can be successfully applied to target the whole fish community in a tropical freshwater system and its adjacent wetlands.<\/p>\n

Between 1980 -1990, eDNA was the term introduced to define particulate DNA and it was used to detect and describe microbial communities in marine sediments and phytoplankton communities in the water column1<\/sup>. However, eDNA is presently defined as the genetic material left behind by eukaryotic organisms in the environment, reflecting a rise in the use of eDNA for the detection of vertebrate and invertebrate species in aquatic systems1<\/sup>. The popularity of using eDNA has increased following the development of next-generation sequencing, advances in quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the growth of DNA barcodes libraries such as the\u00a0Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD)<\/strong><\/a>, providing a quicker and more taxonomically comprehensive tool for biodiversity assessments.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Bacalar3.jpg” content_max_width=”800px” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ header_font=”||||||||” body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_padding=”||24px|||” border_color_all=”#929292″]

South end of lake Bacalar with the sinkhole Cenote Azul.
PHOTO CREDIT: Manuel El\u00edas-Guti\u00e9rrez <\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″]

Lake Bacalar is the largest epicontinental habitat in Mexico\u2019s Yucatan Peninsula, and it is renowned for its striking blue color, clarity of the water, and for the world\u2019s largest occurrence of living stromatolites, a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria. Due to the presence of sediments derived from karst limestone, it represents the world\u2019s largest fresh groundwater-feed ecosystem. The northern part of Lake Bacalar is connected to a complex system of lagoons and the southern part has an indirect connection to the sea via a wetland system that connects with Hondo River and enters Chetumal Bay. This river has been heavily impacted by the discharge of organic waste and pesticides, by vegetation clearing, and by the introduction of invasive fish such as tilapia and the Amazon sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis<\/em>) 2-4<\/sup>, first detected in 2013 4<\/sup>. The Amazon sailfin catfish is a serious threat to the fragile stromatolite ecosystem due to its burrowing habits and competition with local fish. The impact of declining water quality and the rise of invasive species on the native fish fauna needs to be carefully monitored in aid of conservation efforts of Lake Bacalar.<\/p>\n

A team of researchers from the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Chetumal<\/a><\/strong> and El Colegio de la Frontera Sur<\/strong><\/a> sampled eight localities in December 2015, and January and April 2016. After each of 14 sampling events, water and sediment samples were immediately placed on ice before transportation to the lab in Chetumal. To minimize eDNA degradation, we filtered water samples within seven hours of collection. All filters and sediments were stored at -18\u00b0C before being transported on ice from Chetumal to the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics<\/strong><\/a> in Guelph, Canada, where DNA extraction was undertaken.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Photo.jpg” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_padding=”||50px” border_color_all=”#929292″]

Water sampling between stromatolites.
PHOTO CREDIT: Miguel Valadez<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″]

We sequenced short fragments (<200 bp) of the cytochrome c<\/em> oxidase I (COI) gene on Ion Torrent PGM or S5 platforms. In total, we recovered eDNA sequences from 75 species of vertebrates including 47 fishes, 15 birds, seven mammals, five reptiles, and one amphibian. Although all species are known from this region, six fish species represent new records for the study area, while two require verification (Vieja fenestrata <\/em>and Cyprinodon beltrani \/simus<\/em>), because their presence is unlikely in this ecosystem. While there were species (two birds, two mammals, one reptile) only detected from sediments, water samples recovered a much higher diversity (52 species), indicating better eDNA preservation in the slightly alkaline Bacalar water. \u00a0Because DNA from the Amazon sailfin catfish was not detected, we used a mock eDNA experiment that confirmed our methods were effective.<\/p>\n

Interesting findings include the detection of rare species, such as an anteater Tamandua mexicana<\/em>, which was detected by both PGM and S5 instruments from a river sample (Juan Sarabia), and migratory birds, such as warbler Oreothlypis peregrina<\/em> known to overwinter in the Yucatan Peninsula.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Bacalar2.jpg” content_max_width=”818px” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”3.22.6″ body_font=”||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ body_font_size=”16px” custom_margin=”||-6px|||” custom_padding=”||50px” border_color_all=”#929292″]

Docks in front of Bacalar town
PHOTO CREDIT: Miguel Valadez<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”1px|||||”]

Our study indicates that eDNA can be successfully applied to monitor vertebrates in a tropical oligotrophic lake as well as more eutrophic (higher primary production) wetlands and can aid conservation and monitoring programs in tropical areas by improving our capacity to map occurrence records for resident and invasive species.<\/p>\n

Our next step is to convince Mexican and international stakeholders to implement these methodologies and establish a permanent biomonitoring system for this and other pristine freshwater ecosystems found in Yucatan Peninsula. This work is necessary to detect effects of climate change, declining water quality, and the increasing tourism activities in this region.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”15px” custom_padding=”41px||50px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone”]

References:<\/h4>\n

1. D\u00edaz-Ferguson EE, Moyer GR (2014) History, applications, methodological issues and perspectives for the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in marine and freshwater environments. Revista de Biolog\u00eda Tropical<\/span>\u00a0<\/em>62: 1273-1284. DOI:\u00a0<\/span>10.15517\/RBT.V62I4.13231<\/a><\/p>\n

2. Wakida-Kusunoki AT, Luis Enrique Amador-del \u00c1ngel (2011) Aspectos biol\u00f3gicos del pleco invasor Pterygoplichthys pardalis<\/em> (Teleostei\u202f: Loricariidae) en el r\u00edo Palizada, Campeche, M\u00e9xico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad\u00a0<\/em>82: 870-878<\/p>\n

3. Alfaro REM, Fisher JP, Courtenay W, Ram\u00edrez Mart\u00ednez C, Orbe-Mendoza A, Escalera Gallardo C, et al. (2009) Armored catfish (Loricariidae) trinational risk assessment guidlines for aquatic alien invasive species. Test cases for the snakeheads (Channidae) and armored catfishes (Loricariidae) in North American inland waters. Montreal, Canada: Commission for Environmental Cooperation. pp. 25-49.<\/p>\n

4. Schmitter-Soto JJ, Quintana R, Vald\u00e9z-Moreno ME, Herrera-Pav\u00f3n RL, Esselman PC (2015) Armoured catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis<\/em>) in the Hondo River basin, Mexico-Belize. Mesoamericana\u00a0<\/em>19: 9-19.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”||30px||false|false”]

Written by<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_team_member name=”Natalia V. Ivanova ” position=”Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natalia_Ivanova1.png” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”17px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”center” width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”||20px||false|false” border_width_all_image=”0px”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=”Martha Valdez-Moreno” position=”El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Mexico” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Martha_Valdez.png” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”18px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” body_line_height=”1.6em” text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”||30px||false|false” border_radii_image=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=”Manuel El\u00edas-Guti\u00e9rrez” position=”El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Mexico” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Manuel_Elias-1.png” _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_font_size=”18px” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”center” module_alignment=”left” custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_margin=”||1px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#003254″ text_orientation=”center”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/2019_Ivanova.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Download PDF” button_alignment=”center” admin_label=”Button” _builder_version=”4.4.7″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#003254″ button_icon=”%%26%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_horizontal=”3px” box_shadow_vertical=”11px”][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.7″ text_font_size=”12px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”|||-4px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″]

doi: 10.21083\/ibol.v9i1.5474<\/pre>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.27.4″ custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_3″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.29.3″ text_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_sidebar][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_1″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.21.4″][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.3″ background_color=”#000000″ custom_padding=”0|0px|2px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_nav in_same_term=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ title_font=”|700||on|||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff”][\/et_pb_post_nav][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Follow Along” module_id=”subscribe” _builder_version=”3.29.3″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#d8d8d8″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”52%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” parallax=”on” custom_padding=”49px||0||false|false” top_divider_height=”69px” global_module=”175″ saved_tabs=”all”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_2,1_4″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_padding=”27px|0px|114px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”28px” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_2_font_size=”28px”]
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About the Bulletin<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0Glossary<\/a><\/a> | Archive<\/a> | iBOL Consortium<\/a> | iBOL News<\/a> | Contact Us<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Environmental DNA can be successfully applied to identify vertebrates in a tropical lake improving our capacity to map and monitor species.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":1795,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\n
C. Matthews<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Dorey<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, S. Groom<\/em>2<\/em><\/sup>, O. Davies<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, E. Freedman<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Holder<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, B. Parslow<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Schwarz<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Stevens<\/em>3,4<\/em><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 <\/sup>School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 
2 <\/sup>School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 
3 <\/sup>South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 
4 <\/sup>School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fiji\u2019s entomological diversity has historically\nbeen considered depauperate. Recent widespread DNA barcoding efforts, however,\nfrom the South Australian Museum, Flinders University and University of South\nAustralia, along with a flurry of undergraduate, honours and PhD students, have\nhelped to uncover some of the hidden secrets of biodiversity within this\ntopographically complex archipelago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since 2010, funding from the Australian\n& Pacific Science Foundation and Australian Commonwealth New Colombo Plan, along\nwith support from students, has enabled fieldwork focused on collecting bees,\nwasps, and butterflies across all the major Fijian islands. Trekking up the\ntallest mountains, four wheel driving across challenging terrain, and following\nthe meandering rivers of inland Fiji has revealed that initial estimations of\nFiji\u2019s entomological fauna have been severely underestimated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
DNA barcoding over 1,000 bee specimens has increased species richness estimates from 4 species (known since 1979) up to 26 endemic species in the genus Homalictus. <\/em>Interestingly, 60% of these new species are only found above 800 m elevation which comprise a mere 2% of land area of Fiji, and often restricted to single mountain tops. From extensive barcoding, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was used to explore the level of intraspecific gene flow in the widespread species of the genus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Haplotype<\/a>
Haplotype network of all sequenced HOMALICTUS fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread Homalictus <\/em>species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian Homalictus <\/em>colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climate would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji. Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji\u2019s butterfly fauna, along with the first ever species of Gasteruption<\/em>, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, Gasteruption tomanivi<\/em> (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji\u2019s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji\u2019s hidden secrets of biodiversity. <\/p>\n","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[107,96,99,171,47,172,173,174],"coauthors":[169,143,170],"class_list":["post-1792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-edna","tag-freshwater","tag-invasive-species","tag-lake-bacalar","tag-mexico","tag-monitoring","tag-next-generation-sequencing","tag-water-quality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1792","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1792"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1792\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4571,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1792\/revisions\/4571"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1795"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1792"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1792"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1792"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1792"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}