{"id":1099,"date":"2019-04-07T09:00:38","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T13:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/?p=1099"},"modified":"2020-07-16T11:07:01","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T15:07:01","slug":"thirteen-years-of-dna-barcoding-in-germany-achievements-and-prospects-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/nation-activities\/thirteen-years-of-dna-barcoding-in-germany-achievements-and-prospects-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Thirteen Years of DNA Barcoding in Germany \u2013 Achievements and Prospects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ background_blend=”multiply”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@” subhead=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IiIsInJlYWRfbW9yZV9sYWJlbCI6IiJ9fQ==@” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”title,subhead” content_font=”||||||||” content_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” subhead_font=”||on||||||” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”16px” background_color=”rgba(168,211,103,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#000000″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(249,195,82,0.93)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”82%” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Germany-Marbled-white-Melanargia-galathea-Foto-S.Schmidt.jpg” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ box_shadow_style=”preset1″ max_width=”95%” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-20px||20px”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_padding=”0|0px|7px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row make_fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.21.4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″]Marbled white (Melanargia galathea). \n\nPHOTO CREDIT: Stefan Schmidt[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ specialty=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_padding=”0|0px|54px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ specialty_columns=”3″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”3.21.4″][et_pb_column_inner type=”4_4″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″]

S<\/span>ince DNA barcoding started in Germany 13 years ago, barcodes of some 55,000 species have been assembled from all continents, and the Zoologische Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen (ZSM) is now globally among the top three providers of barcoding voucher specimens, reflecting the analysis of more than 250,000 specimens. In less than a decade, DNA barcodes of more than 24,000 German species of metazoans have been assembled as part of two major national DNA barcoding initiatives: the \u2018Barcoding Fauna Bavarica\u2019 (BFB) and the \u2018German Barcode of Life\u2019 (GBOL) projects.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_right_1=”50px” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_padding=”0|0px|29.6875px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Germany-Ring-Ouzel-Turdus-torquatus-alpestris-Foto-S.-Schmidt.jpg” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ body_font=”||on||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ border_color_all=”#929292″ custom_padding=”||50px”]Ring Ouzel (Turdus Torquatus Alpestris).\n\nPHOTO CREDIT: Stefan Schmidt [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Germany-Bumblebee-Bombus-sp.-Foto-S.Schmidt.jpg” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ body_font=”||on||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_text_color=”#646564″ border_color_all=”#929292″ custom_padding=”||50px”]Bumblebee (Bombus sp.). \n\nPHOTO CREDIT: Stefan Schmidt [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ text_font=”||||||||”]

DNA barcoding activities in Germany have resulted in several major data releases, for example with Coleoptera (Hendrich et al., 2015, Raupach et al., 2016, 2018, Rulik et al., 2017), Diptera (Morini\u00e8re et al., 2019 accepted), aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Morini\u00e8re et al., 2017), Heteroptera (Raupach et al., 2014, Havemann et al., 2018 ), Hymenoptera (Schmidt et al., 2015, 2017, Schmid-Egger et al., 2018), Lepidoptera (Hausmann et al., 2011a, 2011b), Neuroptera (Morini\u00e8re et al., 2014), Orthoptera (Hawlitschek et al., 2017), Araneae and Opiliones (Astrin et al., 2016), and Myriapoda (Spelda et al., 2011, Wesener et al., 2015).<\/p>\n

In addition to extending the DNA barcode library, Germany has invested in examining the potential of DNA metabarcoding for the rapid assessment of species assemblages as part of studies that address a range of different research questions, including Malaise trap surveys (Morini\u00e8re et al., 2016, Hardulak et al.,, in prep), analysis of feces for dietary inference (Hawlitschek et al., 2018), species identification in forensic entomology (Chimeno et al., 2019), and food composition studies (Gerdes et al., 2019, Michel & Hardulak, submitted).
\nGermany will strive to maintain its role as a major contributor to the global DNA barcode library and will aim to make a substantial contribution to the BIOSCAN initiative.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”3.21.4″][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”13px”]

References:<\/h4>\n

Astrin JJ, H\u00f6fer H, Spelda J, Holstein J, Bayer S, Hendrich L, Huber BA, Kielhorn KH, Krammer HJ, Lemke M, Monje JC, Morini\u00e8re J, Rulik B, Petersen M, Janssen H, Muster C (2016) Towards a DNA barcode reference database for spiders and harvestmen of Germany. PLoS ONE<\/em> 11: e0162624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162624<\/a><\/p>\n

Chimeno C, Morini\u00e8re J, Podhorna J, Hardulak L, Hausmann A, Reckel F, Grunwald JE, Penning R, Haszprunar G (2019) DNA barcoding in forensic entomology – Establishing a DNA reference library of potentially forensic relevant arthropod species. Journal of Forensic Sciences<\/em> 64: 593\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13869<\/a><\/p>\n

Hausmann A, Haszprunar G, Hebert PDN (2011) DNA barcoding the geometrid fauna of Bavaria (Lepidoptera): successes, surprises, and questions. PLoS ONE<\/em> 6: e17134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017134<\/a><\/p>\n

Hausmann A, Haszprunar G, Segerer AH, Speidel W, Behounek G, Hebert PDN (2011) Now DNA-barcoded: the butterflies and larger moths of Germany (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera, Macroheterocera). Spixiana <\/em>34: 47\u201358.<\/p>\n

Havemann N, Gossner MM, Hendrich L, Morini\u00e8re J, Niedringhaus R, Sch\u00e4fer P, Raupach MJ (2018) From water striders to water bugs: the molecular diversity of aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) of Germany based on DNA barcodes. PeerJ<\/em> 6: e4577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4577<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawlitschek O, Morini\u00e8re J, Lehmann GUC, Lehmann AW, Kropf M, Dunz A, Glaw F, Detcharoen M, Schmidt S, Hausmann A, Szucsich NU, Caetano-Wyler SA, Haszprunar G (2017) DNA barcoding of crickets, katydids and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) from Central Europe with focus on Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Molecular Ecology Resources <\/em>17: 1037\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12638<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawlitschek O, Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Balmori-de la Puente A, Castresana J (2018) A pipeline for metabarcoding and diet analysis from fecal samples developed for a small semi-aquatic mammal. PLoS ONE<\/em> 13: e0201763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201763<\/a><\/p>\n

Hendrich L, Morini\u00e8re J, Haszprunar G, Hebert PDN, Hausmann A, K\u00f6hler F, Balke M (2015) A comprehensive DNA barcode database for Central European beetles with a focus on Germany: adding more than 3500 identified species to BOLD. Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> 15: 795\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12354<\/a><\/p>\n

Michel M, Hardulak LA, Meier-D\u00f6rnberg T, Morini\u00e8re J, Hausmann A, Back W, Haszprunar G, Jacob F, Hutzler M (2019) High throughput sequencing as a novel quality control method for industrial yeast starter cultures. BrewingSience<\/em> (accepted)<\/p>\n

Morini\u00e8re J, Hendrich L, Balke M, Beermann AJ, K\u00f6nig T, Hess M, Koch S, M\u00fcller R, Leese F, Hebert PDN, Hausmann A, Schubart CD, Haszprunar G (2017) A DNA barcode library for Germany\u2032s mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera). Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> 17: 1293\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12683<\/a><\/p>\n

Morini\u00e8re J, Balke M, Doczkal D, Geiger MF, Hardulak LA, Haszprunar G, Hausmann A, Hendrich L, \u00a0Regalado L, Rulik B, Schmidt S, W\u00e4gele JW, Hebert PDN (2019) A DNA barcode library for 5,200 German flies and midges (Insecta: Diptera) and its implications for metabarcoding-based biomonitoring. Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> (accepted)<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”13px”]

Morini\u00e8re J, Hendrich L, Hausmann A, Hebert P, Haszprunar G, Gruppe A (2014) Barcoding fauna Bavarica: 78% of the Neuropterida fauna barcoded! PLoS ONE<\/em> 9: e109719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0109719<\/a><\/p>\n

Raupach M, Hannig K, Moriniere J, Hendrich L (2016) A DNA barcode library for ground beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Germany: The genus Bembidion<\/em> Latreille, 1802 and allied taxa. ZooKeys<\/em> 592: 121\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.592.8316<\/a><\/p>\n

Raupach MJ, Hannig K, Morini\u00e8re J, Hendrich L (2018) A DNA barcode library for ground beetles of Germany: the genus Amara<\/em> Bonelli, 1810 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys<\/em> 759: 57\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.759.24129<\/a><\/p>\n

Raupach MJ, Hendrich L, K\u00fcchler SM, Deister F, Morini\u00e8re J, Gossner MM (2014) Building-up of a DNA barcode library for True Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Germany reveals taxonomic uncertainties and surprises. PLoS ONE<\/em> 9: e106940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106940<\/a><\/p>\n

Rulik B, Eberle J, von der Mark L, Thormann J, Jung M, K\u00f6hler F, Apfel W, Weigel A, Kopetz A, K\u00f6hler J, Fritzlar F, Hartmann M, Hadulla K, Schmidt J, H\u00f6rren T, Krebs D, Theves F, Eulitz U, Skale A, Rohwedder D, Kleeberg A, Astrin JJ, Geiger MF, W\u00e4gele JW, Grobe P, Ahrens D (2017) Using taxonomic consistency with semi-automated data pre-processing for high quality DNA barcodes. Methods in Ecology and Evolution<\/em> 8: 1878\u20131887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12824<\/a><\/p>\n

Schmid-Egger C, Achterberg K van, Neumeyer R, Morini\u00e8re J, Schmidt S (2017) Revision of the West Palaearctic Polistes Latreille, with the descriptions of two species \u2013 an integrative approach using morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). ZooKeys<\/u><\/em> 713: 53\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.713.11335<\/a><\/p>\n

Schmid-Egger C, Straka J, Ljubomirov T, Blagoev GA, Morini\u00e8re J, Schmidt S (2018) DNA barcodes identify 99 percent of apoid wasp species (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae) from the Western Palearctic. Molecular Ecology Resources.<\/em> 19(2):476\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12963<\/a><\/p>\n

Schmidt S, Schmid-Egger C, Morini\u00e8re J, Haszprunar G, Hebert PDN (2015) DNA barcoding largely supports 250\u00a0years of classical taxonomy: identifications for Central European bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea partim). Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> 15: 985\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12363<\/a><\/p>\n

Schmidt S, Taeger A, Morini\u00e8re J, Liston A, Blank SM, Kramp K, Kraus M, Schmidt O, Heibo E, Prous M, Nyman T, Malm T, Stahlhut J (2017) Identification of sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, \u201cSymphyta\u201d) through DNA barcodes: successes and caveats. Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> 17: 670\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12614<\/a><\/p>\n

Spelda J, Reip H, Oliveira Biener U, Melzer R (2011) Barcoding Fauna Bavarica: Myriapoda \u2013 a contribution to DNA sequence-based identifications of centipedes and millipedes (Chilopoda, Diplopoda). ZooKeys<\/em> 156: 123\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.156.2176<\/a><\/p>\n

Wesener T, Voigtl\u00e4nder K, Decker P, Oeyen JP, Spelda J, Lindner N (2015) First results of the German Barcode of Life (GBOL) \u2013 Myriapoda project: Cryptic lineages in German Stenotaenia linearis<\/em> (Koch, 1835) (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha). ZooKeys<\/em> 510: 15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.510.8852<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#646564″ text_orientation=”center”]

Written by<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_team_member name=”Axel Hausmann” position=”Zoologische Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Axel_Hausmann.png” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” body_font=”||||||||” border_radii_image=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px” text_orientation=”center” max_width=”58%” module_alignment=”center”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=”Stefan Schmidt” position=”Zoologische Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/stefan_schmidt.png” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” body_font=”||||||||” border_radii_image=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px” text_orientation=”center” max_width=”58%” module_alignment=”center”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=”J\u00e9rome Morini\u00e8re” position=”Zoologische Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany” image_url=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Jerome_Moriniere.png” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” body_font=”||||||||” border_radii_image=”on|132px|132px|132px|132px” text_orientation=”center” max_width=”58%” module_alignment=”center”][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.21.4″ custom_margin=”||1px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” text_font=”||||||||” text_orientation=”center”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.21.4″][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_sidebar area=”et_pb_widget_area_1″ show_border=”off” _builder_version=”3.21.4″][\/et_pb_sidebar][et_pb_comments show_avatar=”off” show_reply=”off” show_count=”off” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ header_font=”||||||||” form_field_font=”||on||||||” form_field_font_size=”11px” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”13px” button_font=”||||||||”][\/et_pb_comments][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.21.4″ background_color=”#000000″ custom_padding=”0|0px|2px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_row make_fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.21.4″][et_pb_post_nav in_same_term=”on” _builder_version=”3.21.4″ title_font=”|700||on|||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff”][\/et_pb_post_nav][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Follow Along” _builder_version=”3.21.1″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#d8d8d8″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” background_color_gradient_end_position=”52%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png” background_position=”center_right” custom_padding=”49px||0||false|false” top_divider_height=”69px” global_module=”175″ saved_tabs=”all”][et_pb_row make_fullwidth=”on” custom_padding=”27px|0px|114px|0px|false|false” custom_margin=”0px|||” _builder_version=”3.2.1″][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.1″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”28px” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_2_font_size=”28px”]

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Subscribe to the iBOL Barcode Bulletin for updates on DNA barcoding efforts, the iBOL Consortium, and more.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”3.21″][mc4wp_form][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.21.3″ border_color_top=”#a8d367″ custom_padding=”0|0px|0|0px|false|false” global_module=”532″ saved_tabs=”all”][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” custom_css_main_2=”margin:auto;” _builder_version=”3.21.1″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”3.21.1″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/bulletin-title-whitespace.png” _builder_version=”3.21.3″ max_width_tablet=”38%” max_width_last_edited=”on|phone”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”3.21.1″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.21.3″]

About the Barcode Bulletin<\/a> | Archive<\/a> | iBOL Consortium<\/a> | iBOL News<\/a> | Contact Us<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In less than a decade, DNA barcodes of more than 24,000 German species have been assembled resulting in several major data releases and publications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\n

C. Matthews<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Dorey<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, S. Groom<\/em>2<\/em><\/sup>, O. Davies<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, E. Freedman<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, J. Holder<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, B. Parslow<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Schwarz<\/em>1<\/em><\/sup>, M. Stevens<\/em>3,4<\/em><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 <\/sup>School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
2 <\/sup>School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
3 <\/sup>South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
4 <\/sup>School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiji\u2019s entomological diversity has historically\nbeen considered depauperate. Recent widespread DNA barcoding efforts, however,\nfrom the South Australian Museum, Flinders University and University of South\nAustralia, along with a flurry of undergraduate, honours and PhD students, have\nhelped to uncover some of the hidden secrets of biodiversity within this\ntopographically complex archipelago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since 2010, funding from the Australian\n& Pacific Science Foundation and Australian Commonwealth New Colombo Plan, along\nwith support from students, has enabled fieldwork focused on collecting bees,\nwasps, and butterflies across all the major Fijian islands. Trekking up the\ntallest mountains, four wheel driving across challenging terrain, and following\nthe meandering rivers of inland Fiji has revealed that initial estimations of\nFiji\u2019s entomological fauna have been severely underestimated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA barcoding over 1,000 bee specimens has increased species richness estimates from 4 species (known since 1979) up to 26 endemic species in the genus Homalictus. <\/em>Interestingly, 60% of these new species are only found above 800 m elevation which comprise a mere 2% of land area of Fiji, and often restricted to single mountain tops. From extensive barcoding, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was used to explore the level of intraspecific gene flow in the widespread species of the genus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Haplotype<\/a>
Haplotype network of all sequenced HOMALICTUS fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread Homalictus <\/em>species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian Homalictus <\/em>colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climate would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji. Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji\u2019s butterfly fauna, along with the first ever species of Gasteruption<\/em>, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, Gasteruption tomanivi<\/em> (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji\u2019s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji\u2019s hidden secrets of biodiversity. <\/p>\n","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[90,46],"coauthors":[161,159,160],"class_list":["post-1099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nation-activities","tag-gbol","tag-germany"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1099"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4579,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1099\/revisions\/4579"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1099"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}