{"id":1057,"date":"2019-04-30T09:04:40","date_gmt":"2019-04-30T13:04:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/?p=1057"},"modified":"2020-07-16T10:49:37","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T14:49:37","slug":"diagnosing-a-rare-human-disease-in-mexicos-lowlands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/research\/diagnosing-a-rare-human-disease-in-mexicos-lowlands\/","title":{"rendered":"Diagnosing a rare human disease in Mexico&#8217;s lowlands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243; background_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|3px|0px|false|false&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@&#8221; subhead=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IiIsInJlYWRfbW9yZV9sYWJlbCI6IiJ9fQ==@&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.21.4&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;title,subhead&#8221; content_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; content_text_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.8)&#8221; subhead_font=&#8221;||on||||||&#8221; subhead_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; subhead_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(168,211,103,0)&#8221; use_background_color_gradient=&#8221;on&#8221; background_color_gradient_start=&#8221;#000000&#8243; background_color_gradient_end=&#8221;rgba(0,50,84,0.93)&#8221; background_color_gradient_end_position=&#8221;70%&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/v4.boldsystems.org_7125_animalia.png&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221;][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Mexico-Figure2.jpg&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243; max_width=&#8221;95%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-20px||20px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset1&#8243;][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0|0px|7px|0px|false|false&#8221;][et_pb_row module_class=&#8221; et_pb_row_fullwidth&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; width=&#8221;89%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; max_width=&#8221;89%&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0|0px|27px|0px|false|false&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#646564&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;]<p>Scanning electron micrograph of the anterior part of <em>Lagochilascaris minor.<\/em><br \/> <span style=\"font-size: 90%;\">PHOTO CREDIT: Manuel El\u00edas-Guti\u00e9rrez<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_4,1_4&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|50px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|0px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221;]<span class='et-dropcap'>R<\/span>oundworms (Nematoda) are one of the most diverse groups of invertebrates. <em>Lagochilascaris minor<\/em>, a parasitic nematode often found in wild cats such as jaguars and pumas, as well as in domestic cats and dogs, has only rarely been known to infect humans. However, a recent case in the Yucatan Peninsula has brought about a very unique collaboration between medical practitioners and scientists.\n\n<em>Lagochilascaris minor<\/em> has been reported in the Americas, commonly in South America where the eggs have been found in public parks<sup>1<\/sup>. However, identifying <em>L. minor<\/em> with conventional methods can be misleading as they resemble other ascaridoid eggs.\n\nWhen a 23-year old man from a village in the forests of southern Quintana Roo state (Yucatan Peninsula) came into the local hospital in July 2016, physicians were surprised to find that a parasite had destroyed the mastoid apophysis, the lateral sinus, and part of the cerebellum. After a radical mastoidectomy and medical treatment for 63 days, the patient made a full recovery. After removal, the parasite was identified as\u00a0<em>L. minor<\/em> using DNA barcodes and morphology. While the method of infection is uncertain, it is thought to be through direct exposure to the eggs or through the consumption of uncooked meat from wild animals.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mexico-Figure1-1024&#215;778.jpg&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.7&#8243; body_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; body_text_align=&#8221;right&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#646564&#8243; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||50px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; border_color_all=&#8221;#929292&#8243; title_text=&#8221;Mexico-Figure1&#8243;]<p>Coronal computerized tomography scan of the human patient. Arrow indicates destruction of the left mastoid bone.<br \/> <span style=\"font-size: 90%;\">PHOTO CREDIT: Hospital General de Chetumal, Mexico<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221;]While it has been a challenge to successful identify Nematoda using genetic markers in the past, high-quality DNA barcode sequences were obtained using semi-degenerate primers designed for micro-crustaceans<sup>2<\/sup>. A comparison with 81 ascaridoids obtained from the <a href=\"http:\/\/v4.boldsystems.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD)<\/a> revealed its position in a unique clade, most closely related to <em>Baylisascaris procyonis<\/em>.\n\nThis is the first multidisciplinary study involving DNA barcodes as a diagnostic medical tool in a human patient. This field of research can be promising because we can get a precise identification of the parasites in any stage of their life cycle. Diagnosis using DNA barcoding will allow the recognition of the infection parameters, transmission, and more precise epidemiology of parasites. With this information, we can not only diagnose the disease but also prevent it by finding the infectious stages, the intermediate hosts, or the vectors in the environment.\n\nAll sequences of <em>Lagochilascaris<\/em> are in the public project \u2018NECHE Lagochilascaris from Yucatan\u2019 in BOLD. This <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/18-129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study<\/a> is published in the Journal of Parasitology.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221;]<h4>References:<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>de Moura MQ, Jeske S, Gallina T, Borsuk S, Berne MEA, Villela MM (2012) First report of <em>Lagochilascaris<\/em> (Nematoda: Ascarididae) eggs in a public park in Southern Brazil. <em>Veterinary Parasitology<\/em> 184(2-4): 359-361. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.09.019\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.09.019<\/a><\/li>\n\n<li>Prosser SW, Velarde-Aguilar MG, Leon-Regagnon V, Hebert PD (2013) Advancing nematode barcoding: A primer cocktail for the cytochrome <em>c<\/em> oxidase subunit I gene from vertebrate parasitic nematodes. <em>Molecular Ecology Resources<\/em> 13(6): 1108-1115. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12082\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12082<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||on||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#646564&#8243; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221;]<p>Written by<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_team_member name=&#8221;David Gonz\u00e1lez-Sol\u00eds&#8221; position=&#8221;El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, M\u00e9xico&#8221; image_url=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/David_Gonzalez-Solis.png&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.7&#8243; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; body_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; position_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221;][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=&#8221;Manuel El\u00edas-Guti\u00e9rrez&#8221; position=&#8221;El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, M\u00e9xico&#8221; image_url=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Manuel_Elias-1.png&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; body_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=&#8221;Jenny Alejandra Prado-Bernal&#8221; position=&#8221;Cl\u00ednica Carranza, Chetumal, M\u00e9xico&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; body_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221; border_radii_image=&#8221;on|50px|50px|50px|50px&#8221;][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_team_member name=&#8221;Miguel Alfredo Garc\u00eda-de la Cruz&#8221; position=&#8221;Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; body_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.6em&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221; border_radii_image=&#8221;on|50px|50px|50px|50px&#8221;][\/et_pb_team_member][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;3.21.4&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||1px&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;content&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#003254&#8243; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221;]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/2019_Gonzalez-Solis.pdf&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Download PDF&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.7&#8243; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; button_bg_color=&#8221;#003254&#8243; button_icon=&#8221;%%26%%&#8221; button_icon_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_horizontal=&#8221;3px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;11px&#8221;][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.7&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|||-11px|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;|||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<pre>doi: 10.21083\/ibol.v9i1.5475<\/pre>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;3.21.4&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_sidebar area=&#8221;et_pb_widget_area_3&#8243; 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Abusive, profane, self-promotional, or incoherent comments will be rejected.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_comments show_avatar=&#8221;off&#8221; show_reply=&#8221;off&#8221; show_count=&#8221;off&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.29.3&#8243; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; form_field_font=&#8221;||on||||||&#8221; form_field_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; button_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|50px||50px|false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_comments][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.21.3&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0|0px|0|0px|false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;-2px&#8221; border_width_top=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_color_top=&#8221;#a8d367&#8243; global_module=&#8221;532&#8243; saved_tabs=&#8221;all&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/BarcodeBulletin.png&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.29.3&#8243; max_width_tablet=&#8221;38%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.25&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;margin:auto;&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/about-the-barcode-bulletin\">About the Bulletin<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Glossary<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/about-the-barcode-bulletin\"><\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/journal.lib.uoguelph.ca\/index.php\/ibol\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Archive<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/ibol.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iBOL Consortium<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/ibol.org\/news-and-media\/news-and-events\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iBOL News<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/contact-us\/\">Contact Us<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The first multidisciplinary study using DNA barcodes as a medical diagnostic tool forms a unique collaborative group comprised of medical practitioners and scientists.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":1523,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>C. Matthews<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, J. Dorey<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, S. Groom<\/em><sup><em>2<\/em><\/sup><em>, O. Davies<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, E. Freedman<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, J. Holder<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, B. Parslow<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, M. Schwarz<\/em><sup><em>1<\/em><\/sup><em>, M. Stevens<\/em><sup><em>3,4<\/em><\/sup><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"small\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><sup>1 <\/sup>School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia <br><sup>2 <\/sup>School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia <br><sup>3 <\/sup>South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia <br><sup>4 <\/sup>School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Fiji\u2019s entomological diversity has historically\nbeen considered depauperate. Recent widespread DNA barcoding efforts, however,\nfrom the South Australian Museum, Flinders University and University of South\nAustralia, along with a flurry of undergraduate, honours and PhD students, have\nhelped to uncover some of the hidden secrets of biodiversity within this\ntopographically complex archipelago.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Since 2010, funding from the Australian\n&amp; Pacific Science Foundation and Australian Commonwealth New Colombo Plan, along\nwith support from students, has enabled fieldwork focused on collecting bees,\nwasps, and butterflies across all the major Fijian islands. Trekking up the\ntallest mountains, four wheel driving across challenging terrain, and following\nthe meandering rivers of inland Fiji has revealed that initial estimations of\nFiji\u2019s entomological fauna have been severely underestimated. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>DNA barcoding over 1,000 bee specimens has increased species richness estimates from 4 species (known since 1979) up to 26 endemic species in the genus <em>Homalictus. <\/em>Interestingly, 60% of these new species are only found above 800 m elevation which comprise a mere 2% of land area of Fiji, and often restricted to single mountain tops. From extensive barcoding, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was used to explore the level of intraspecific gene flow in the widespread species of the genus. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":69,\"align\":\"right\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Fijiensis-Haplotype-FINISHED.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Fijiensis-Haplotype-FINISHED-300x295.jpg\" alt=\"Haplotype network of all sequenced HOMALICTUS fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.\" class=\"wp-image-69\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Haplotype network of all sequenced HOMALICTUS fijiensis (N=358) coloured by sampling locality. Hash marks represent nucleotide changes between each haplotype. Shared haplotypes represented by circles with multiple colours. Circle outline representing highland or lowland sampling. (b) Sampling map of H. fijiensis coloured by geographic sampling locality.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>These results also indicate that gene flow is being restricted within highland localities of the most widespread <em>Homalictus <\/em>species. Dispersal from a species home range does not appear to be occurring in Fiji, which may be presenting a contemporary model of speciation that is predominantly influenced by past climatic fluctuations. There is an estimated crown age of 400 ka for the initial Fijian <em>Homalictus <\/em>colonisation, which would result in the genus being present for several glacial cycles. During glacial maxima, cooler climate would be ubiquitous throughout Fiji, however during glacial minima and interglacial periods there is a distinction between cool highland and warm lowland climate. DNA barcoding results indicate that the largest diversification of this genus is concordant with the most recent glacial minima, as species that were freely dispersing during glacial maxima are forced to retreat into highland refugia. Combined with the inferred haplotype networks, these results indicate that restriction due to low thermal tolerance of lowland climate is driving the extraordinary highland species richness in Fiji. Further to the work on bees, we have also started barcoding Fiji\u2019s butterfly fauna, along with the first ever species of <em>Gasteruption<\/em>, a parasitoid wasp genus, found in Fiji. The species, <em>Gasteruption tomanivi<\/em> (Published in Zootaxa by PhD student Ben Parslow), was found at the peak of Fiji\u2019s highest mountain. These discoveries have highlighted how little is known about the entomofauna of Fiji and how the use of DNA barcoding has helped to uncover Fiji\u2019s hidden secrets of biodiversity. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[53,47,48,35],"coauthors":[146,143,144,145],"class_list":["post-1057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-medicine","tag-mexico","tag-nematoda","tag-parasites"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1057"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4572,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057\/revisions\/4572"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1523"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1057"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibol.org\/barcodebulletin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}